FAQ
How is the polarization resistance Rp formed?
How should one select the electrode material for redox measurements: gold, silver, or platinum?
Platinum is a universally applicable electrode material and is unsuitable for only a very few applications. In environments containing ozone (O3) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), platinum acts as a catalyst; consequently, at low concentrations, it is unable to establish an electrode potential that is compatible with O3 or H2O2 within the composite layer. Furthermore, platinum oxidizes in air, let alone in strong oxidizing agents. In the former case, the electrode indicates an excessively high redox value, whereas in the latter, a storage effect occurs. In both scenarios, the response is slow. As a general rule, platinum electrodes should not be used in applications involving ozone or peroxides. In such applications, gold electrodes can be employed; moreover, gold electrodes have a more positive potential than platinum electrodes. Gold or silver electrodes also offer advantages in the treatment of cyanide-containing wastewater. Cyanide exerts a mild corrosive effect on the electrode surface, which helps keep the surface clean. However, gold should not be used in highly chlorinated acidic solutions, as gold forms complexes with chlorine, rendering the measurement invalid. With regard to construction and measurement cables, the same principles that apply to pH measurements also apply to redox measurements: the measuring amplifier must have a very high input impedance (10^12 Ω). Redox values are typically displayed as absolute or relative “mV” readings.
What does a REDOX/ORP electrode measure, and how is it measured?
A redox electrode is a noble-metal electrode. It is used for potential measurement while remaining chemically inert—that is, it must be able to withstand chemical attack. For this purpose, only noble metals such as platinum, gold, or silver are suitable. As a reference electrode, the Ag/AgCl reference system is employed, just as in pH measurement. When a platinum-wire redox electrode is immersed in a chloride-containing solution, an interfacial layer forms at the interface between the platinum wire and the solution surface; this is known as the Helmholtz double layer. This interfacial layer functions like a capacitor, with one plate connected to the platinum wire and the other plate, as in pH measurement, connected to the reference electrode. The capacitance charges in response to the electrochemical potential difference between the platinum wire and the solution. The potential of the solution, in turn, depends on the logarithmic concentration ratio Log [COX]/[CRED] and the sum of the potential differences among all ions present in the solution.
How is the polarization resistance Rp formed?
Ions serve as charge carriers, transporting charge to the electrode surface. When the electrode surface is too small or the ion concentration is too high, this charge-transfer process cannot proceed rapidly, leading to the formation of an ion cloud at the electrode surface that obscures the electrode. In the case of direct current, the initial current will gradually decay to zero. However, since conductivity measurements are performed using alternating current, only a finite additional resistance is introduced.
What is pH, and what should you know about pH measurement?
In general, pH measurement is used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. When an acid is added to water, the acidity of the water increases and the pH value decreases. Conversely, when a base is added to water, the alkalinity of the water increases and the pH value rises. The pH scale is the unit used to express acidity and alkalinity. When we say that milk is “cool” or that an acid is “weak,” we are not providing a precise description of the condition, because we have not specified the measurement unit or the measured value. However, when we state that the temperature of the milk is 10°C, we are giving a definite and precise description. Similarly, when we say that the pH of a weak acid is 5.2, we are also providing a precise and unambiguous statement.
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How is the polarization resistance Rp formed?
Ions serve as charge carriers, transporting charge to the electrode surface. When the electrode surface is too small or the ion concentration is too high, this charge-transfer process cannot proceed rapidly, leading to the formation of an ion cloud at the electrode surface that obscures the electrode. In the case of direct current, the initial current gradually decreases to zero. However, since conductivity measurements are performed using alternating current, only a finite additional resistance is introduced—though this resistance is, of course, undesirable.
This polarization effect can be reduced by the following methods:
1. Select an appropriate frequency for the corresponding conductivity measurement range.
2. Select an appropriate electrode constant (e.g., K = 1 or K = 0). The higher the conductivity value, the larger the electrode surface area or the greater the distance between the electrodes required.
As a result, the current density at the electrode is maintained at a low level (typical value < 1 mA/cm²). 2 .
3. Select appropriate electrode materials and electrode surface treatments.
By adopting the aforementioned methods, the Kohlrausch electrode can be used in applications with a conductivity of 200 mS/cm.
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